what concentration camp did the franks go to
Anne Frank: History & Legacy
Anne Frank was a teenage Jewish girl who kept a diary while her family was in hiding from the Nazis during World War 2. For two years, she and seven others lived in a "Underground Annex" in Amsterdam earlier beingness discovered and sent to concentration camps. Anne died in the Bergen-Belsen camp in 1945.
Frank'south male parent was the family'southward sole survivor. He decided to publish the diary, which gives a detailed account of Anne's thoughts, feelings and experiences while she was in hiding. It has been an international bestseller for decades and a key role of Holocaust education programs. Several humanitarian organizations are devoted to her legacy.
"Anne was a lively and talented girl, expressing her observations, feelings, self-reflections, fears, hopes and dreams in her diary," said Annemarie Bekker of the Anne Frank Business firm in Amsterdam. "Her words resonate with people all around the earth."
Early on life
Anne Frank was born Annelies Marie Frank on June 12, 1929, in Frankfurt, Deutschland, to Otto and Edith Frank, according to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Otto Frank had been a lieutenant in the German army in Globe State of war I and then became a businessman. Anne'due south sister, Margot, was three years older.
The Franks were progressive Jews who lived in the religiously diverse outskirts of Frankfurt until the autumn of 1933. Anti-Semitism had been on the ascension in Deutschland for several years. When the Nazi Party, led by Adolf Hitler, took control of the government in Jan 1933, the Franks relocated to Amsterdam. Anne described the move in her diary: "Considering nosotros're Jewish, my male parent immigrated to Holland in 1933, where he became the managing director of the Dutch Opekta Visitor, which articles products used in making jam."
The Franks enjoyed the freedom and acceptance they constitute in Amsterdam. Anne attended Amsterdam's 6th Montessori School, where she was a bright and inquisitive pupil with many friends of various backgrounds and faiths, co-ordinate to "Anne Frank: The Biography (opens in new tab)" past Melissa Muller (Picador, 2014). Otto Frank founded a nutrient ingredient wholesale company in Amsterdam.
In May 1940, the Nazis invaded Amsterdam and the Franks were put on edge once again. Jews had to habiliment the yellow Star of David and observe a strict curfew. They were forbidden from owning businesses. Otto Frank transferred ownership of his company to Christian associates but ran it behind the scenes. Anne and Margot had to transfer to a segregated Jewish school, co-ordinate to Muller. Anne wrote, "After May 1940, the adept times were few and far between; first there was the war, then the capitulation and so the arrival of the Germans, which is when the problem started for the Jews."
On June 12, 1942, Anne's 13th birthday, Otto gave her a ruddy-and-white-checked notebook that she had previously picked out at a local shop. Anne decided to utilise information technology equally a diary. Her commencement entry reads, "I hope I will exist able to confide everything to you lot, as I have never been able to confide in anyone, and I hope you lot will be a great source of comfort and back up."
In July 1942, Germans began sending Dutch Jews to concentration camps. The Franks attempted to emigrate to the United States but were denied visas, according to The Washington Mail service. The family began making plans to go into hiding.
Otto ready a hiding place in the rear annex of his firm, with the assist of his Jewish business partner, Hermann van Pels, and his associates Johannes Kleiman and Victor Kugler, according to the Anne Frank House. The hiding place was at 263 Prinsengracht, an area with many small companies and warehouses.
On July 5, 1942, Margot received a summons to report to a concentration military camp. The Frank family went into hiding the adjacent day, a few weeks earlier than planned. A calendar week later, the Van Pels family unit joined the Franks in what the families chosen the Secret Annex.
For two years, eight people lived in the Secret Annex, according to Muller. The iv Franks were joined by Hermann and Auguste van Pels and their sixteen-twelvemonth-old son, Peter. In November 1942, Fritz Pfeffer, a dentist and friend of the Frank family, moved in. Pfeffer is referred to as Albert Dussel in many editions of Anne'southward diary considering she sometimes used pseudonyms.
Kleiman and Kugler, besides as other friends and colleagues, including Jan Gies and Miep Gies, continued to assist the Franks, co-ordinate to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. These individuals helped manage the business organisation, which continued running in the front of the building, and brought food, other necessities and news of the outside world to the Jews in hiding.
The managing director of the company warehouse, Johann Voskuijl, congenital a moveable bookcase that curtained the entrance to the Hole-and-corner Annex. Anne wrote, "Now our Secret Annex has truly become hole-and-corner. … Mr. Kugler thought it would exist amend to take a bookcase built in front of the entrance to our hiding place. Information technology swings out on its hinges and opens like a door. Mr. Voskuijl did the carpentry work. (Mr. Voskuijl has been told that the vii of us are in hiding, and he's been most helpful.)"
In her diary, Anne described the Secret Annex, saying it had several small rooms and narrow halls. According to Anne Frank Guide, Anne shared a room with Fritz Pfeffer; Otto, Edith and Margot shared another. Peter had his own minor room, and Hermann and Auguste van Pels slept in the communal living room and kitchen area. There was as well a bathroom, a pocket-sized attic and a front office. The forepart role and cranium had windows that Anne peered from during the evenings. From the attic, she could run across a chestnut tree, which inspired her to reverberate on nature in her diary.
The residents of the Secret Annex did a dandy deal of reading and studying to pass the time, including learning English and taking correspondence courses nether the helpers' names, according to the Anne Frank House. The residents followed a strict schedule that required them to be silent at sure times and so the workers in the office wouldn't hear them. During the mean solar day, they flushed the toilet as little as possible, worried that the workers would hear.
One of Anne's master pastimes was writing in her diary. She also composed short stories and a book of her favorite quotes.
The diary
Anne wanted to exist a professional journalist when she grew upwardly. She kept several notebooks when in hiding. While her beginning and well-nigh famous was the red-checked notebook, when that ran out of space, she moved on to others, co-ordinate to the Anne Frank House. Anne fabricated detailed entries throughout her fourth dimension in the Secret Addendum. She wrote, "The nicest part is existence able to write downwardly all my thoughts and feelings. Otherwise, I'd admittedly suffocate."
Many of Anne'south entries were addressed to "Kitty." Kitty was a grapheme in a series of girl adventurer books past Cissy van Marxveldt. Anne was addicted of the character, who was cheerful, funny and shrewd, said Bekker.
While Anne did draw life in the Secret Annex, she besides wrote extensively about her thoughts, feelings, relationships and personal experiences that had nothing to practice with the Holocaust or the Franks' situation. We know from her diary that Anne sometimes disagreed with Margot, felt her female parent didn't understand her and had a crush on Peter. Sharing a room with Fritz Pfeffer, a centre-age man, was awkward for both Anne and Fritz, and Anne sometimes wrote well-nigh her struggles. Larisa Klebe, program manager of the Jewish Women's Archive, said that this personal characteristic of her writing is part of its appeal.
"For a thirteen-year-former girl, she was extremely thoughtful, intelligent and well-spoken. … She writes virtually her complicated relationship with her mother, her body going through changes as she hits puberty in hiding, her feelings for Peter," Klebe told Live Science.
"Despite everything going on in the earth around her, what she was going through as a developing teenager takes precedence in many parts of the diary. Information technology is in the forefront of her mind, and information technology makes a argument that no matter what is going on, these are things that are of import."
On March 28, 1944, the residents of the Hugger-mugger Annex heard a special news written report on the radio. Dutch Cabinet Minister Gerrit Bolkestein announced that diaries and other documents would exist nerveless when the war concluded in order to preserve an account of what happened for future generations. Anne decided that she would submit her diary, and began revising it for future readers, Klebe said. She conceived of it has a novel about the Secret Annex.
Anne'southward diary reveals an insightful, confident and direct immature adult female. Hoping to become a famous writer, she wrote, "I can't imagine having to live like Mother, Mrs. van Pels and all the women who become nearly their work and are then forgotten. I need to have something besides a husband and children to devote myself to! I don't want to have lived in vain like most people."
This perspective has helped make Anne a role model for girls, said Klebe. "She was very honest in her writing. She was writing for a wider audience, and the image that she put out was oftentimes of someone sure of herself. She is a skillful model for how to present yourself well in writing and write for change.
"She talked very intimately about teenage daughter things, and I think that's of import, too. It was a very radical act. Information technology was something women were discouraged from doing. She emphasized that these things do thing."
Anne also wrote almost missing nature, Jewish ethics and her views on humanity. Her most famous passage is such a reflection. Anne wrote, "I all the same believe, in spite of everything, that people are truly good at centre."
Anne's final diary entry was fabricated on Aug. ane, 1944.
Abort, capture and death
On Aug. four, 1944, German police stormed the Secret Annex. Everyone in hiding was arrested. It is unknown how the police force discovered the annex. Theories include expose, perhaps by the warehouse staff or helper Bep Voskuijl's sister Nelly. In December 2016, the Anne Frank House published a new theorybased on the organization's investigations. This idea posits that illegal fraud with ration coupons was likewise taking identify at 263 Prinsengracht, and the police were investigating it when they discovered the Secret Annex.
The residents of the Secret Annex were sent first to the Westerbork transit camp, where they were put in the punishment block. On Sept. 3, 1944, they were sent to Auschwitz. There, the men and women were separated. This was the terminal time that Anne saw her father. Anne, Margot and Edith remained together, doing hard labor, until Nov. 1, 1944, when Margot and Anne were transferred to Bergen-Belsen in Deutschland.
Bergen-Belsen was overcrowded, and infectious diseases were rampant. After 3 months, Anne and Margot developed typhus. Margot died in February 1945. Anne died a few days after. The verbal dates of their deaths are unknown, according to Bekker.
Otto Frank was the sole survivor among the residents of the annex.
Publication of the diary
Miep Gies found Anne's diary after the arrest. Subsequently hearing of Anne'due south death, Gies gave the diary to Otto, who had returned to Amsterdam. According to the Anne Frank House, Otto read her diary, which he said was "a revelation. There, was revealed a completely different Anne to the child that I had lost. I had no idea of the depths of her thoughts and feelings."
Otto knew that Anne had wanted to publish her diary and eventually decided to fulfill her wish. He combined selections of her original and edited diary because sections of her original diary were lost and the edited diary was incomplete, according to Bekker. Eventually, it was published in 1947, with some editorial changes and passages nearly Anne's sexuality and negative feelings near Edith removed.
Unlike editions, including an unabridged version and a revised critical edition, have been published with Otto'due south edits removed. Screen and stage adaptations of the diary have been produced. "The Diary of Anne Frank" has been translated into lxx languages, said Bekker.
Legacy
"Anne's descriptions of the time in hiding in the Hugger-mugger Annex; her powers of ascertainment and self-reflection; her fears, hopes and dreams nevertheless make a deep impression on readers worldwide," Bekker told Alive Science. "Through Anne's diary, people brainstorm to learn about the 2d World War and the Holocaust, and they read about how it is to be excluded and persecuted. Afterwards all these years, Anne'southward diary still has gimmicky relevance."
Anne Frank is extremely well-known and has go something of a sanctified effigy, said Klebe. Several organizations practise humanitarian work on her behalf.
People often focus solely on the humanitarian themes of Anne's diary, but it is a fault to ignore other parts, said Klebe. "She was positive and tried to see the adept in things, but in a lot of ways she was just a teenage girl, trying to deal with being a teenage daughter, just in extremity," Klebe said. "I think that's really what is so powerful and interesting virtually her story. … It intersects with what so many people experience."
The diary is fairly piece of cake to read, which has made it a pop feature of grade school classrooms beyond the earth, according to Bekker. It provides a different perspective on the Holocaust because it's not about concentration camps and is well-nigh a kid. Its raw honesty also differentiates information technology from other history books.
Simply Klebe cautioned against educators using just Anne Frank's diary to teach most the Holocaust. "It's a great entry point for talking about the Holocaust and well-nigh children'due south feel," Klebe said. "We have her diary, but we have to retrieve about how many other little girls at that place were, and we do not take their diaries."
Additional resources
- Anne Frank Museum Amsterdam: The Official Anne Frank House Website
- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Anne Frank the Writer: An Unfinished Story
- Jewish Virtual Library: Anne Frank
Source: https://www.livescience.com/59458-anne-frank-history-legacy.html
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